,

ISBN:, Edition: ,

Price: -

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Content Networking ~ 1
Objectives ~ 2
User Expectations ~ 2
Performance ~ 3
Availability ~ 3
Security ~ 3
Anonymity ~ 4
Personalization/Relevancy ~ 4
Privacy ~ 4
Content Provider Expectations ~ 5
Security ~ 5
Control ~ 5
Manageability ~ 6
Scalability ~ 6
Flexibility ~ 6
Diversity (Users and Devices) ~ 6
Customer Demographics/Data ~ 6
Differentiation ~ 7
Profitability ~ 7
Conflicting Expectations ~ 7
Structure of the Internet ~ 8
Problems of IP ~ 8
What Is Content Networking? ~ 9
Living on the Edge ~ 9
Content Edge Networking (CEN)-The Data Center ~ 10
CEN Evolution ~ 10
Subscriber Edge Networking- Networking on the Edge ~ 24
SEN IP Services ~ 24
CDNs and "Overlay" Networks ~ 25
Who Needs a Content Networking Solution? ~ 32
Enterprises ~ 32
Service Providers ~ 33
The Future of Content Networking ~ 34
Review Questions ~ 34
End Notes ~ 36

2 Ethernet ~ 37
Objectives ~ 38
DIX and IEEE 802.3 ~ 38
Frame Formats ~ 39
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) ~ 42
Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains ~ 43
Duplexing ~ 45
Flow Control ~ 46
Link Integrity Test and the Ethernet Heartbeat ~ 46
Fast Ethernet ~ 47
Auto-Negotiation ~ 48
Gigabit Ethernet ~ 50
Deploying Ethernet ~ 51
Summary ~ 56
Review Questions ~ 56

3 Advanced Ethernet Topics ~ 57
Objectives ~ 58
Spanning-Tree Protocol ~ 59
Spanning-Tree Protocol Port States ~ 59
Election of the Root Switch ~ 60
Bridge Protocol Data Units ~ 60
How the STP Algorithm Works ~ 62
Implications of STP in a LAN Environment ~ 63
Virtual Local Area Networks-VLANs ~ 64
Benefits of VLANs ~ 64
VLAN Trunk Protocol ~ 67
How VTP Works ~ 68
VLAN Trunking ~ 68
Inter-Switch Link (ISL) Encapsulation ~ 69
IEEE 802.1q TRUNKING ~ 71
The Role of VLANs in Modern Data Centers ~ 72
EtherChannel ~ 72
EtherChannel and VLANs ~ 74
Summary ~ 74
Review Questions ~ 74

4 HTTP and the World Wide Web ~ 77
Objectives ~ 78
History ~ 78
How It Works ~ 79
HTTP/0.9 ~ 80
HTTP/1.0 ~ 80
HTTP/1.1 ~ 81
Request Methods ~ 85
Response Status Code Definitions ~ 86
Message Headers ~ 89
HTTP Security ~ 95
HTTP Protocol Analysis ~ 98
Summary ~ 109
Review Questions ~ 109
Suggested Reading ~ 109

5 SSL ~ 111
Objectives ~ 112
Crypto 101 ~ 113
Secret Key Cryptography ~ 113
Key Size ~ 114
Public Key Cryptography ~ 115
Putting It Together: Hybrid Encryption Schemes ~ 115
Certificates ~ 116
Configuring and Installing Your Own SSL Server ~ 120
Unpacking the Packages ~ 121
Compiling OpenSSL ~ 121
Configuring and Compiling Apache with mod_ssl ~ 122
Creating the Certificate and Installing Apache ~ 122
Using Apache with SSL Support ~ 125
Generating New CSRs ~ 125
SSL: The Protocol ~ 126
SSL Messages ~ 127
Accelerating SSL ~ 136
How SSL Acceleration Works ~ 136
Summary ~ 141
Review Questions ~ 142

6 DNS and Content Networking ~ 145
Objectives ~ 146
History ~ 146
How DNS Works ~ 148
General Operational Overview ~ 148
Detailed Operational Overview ~ 149
Basic DNS Configuration ~ 154
Basic DNS Auditing ~ 159
Advanced DNS Configuration ~ 163
RTT Measurements ~ 163
Wildcard DNS ~ 167
RR Sets ~ 168
Subdomain Delegation ~ 170
DNS Thrashing ~ 171
Registering Domain Names ~ 172
General Process ~ 173
Contacts ~ 174
WHOIS Databases ~ 175
Problems with DNS ~ 177
The Future ~ 178
Summary ~ 179
Review Questions ~ 179

7 Internet Structure and Function ~ 183
Objectives ~ 184
Global Structure ~ 185
Hierarchical Organization ~ 185
Internet Routing with BGP ~ 198
Summary ~ 206
Review Questions ~ 207

8 Web Servers, Cookies, and Web Caches ~ 209
Objectives ~ 210
The Process of Fetching Content ~ 210
Requesting Static Content ~ 211
Requesting Dynamic Content ~ 213
Caching ~ 214
The Basics ~ 214
Transparent vs. Nontransparent Caching ~ 217
Forward vs. Reverse Proxy Caching ~ 218
Edge Caching and Content Delivery Networks ~ 221
Cache Interception ~ 223
Caching Products ~ 228
Adding State: HTTP Cookies ~ 231
Understanding "State" ~ 231
Cookies ~ 232
Summary ~ 233
Review Questions ~ 233

9 Server Load Balancing ~ 235
Objectives ~ 236
Scaling the Internet ~ 236
Single Server Approach ~ 236
Server Farm Approach ~ 237
What Is Server Load Balancing? ~ 237
Virtual Server Group and Virtual IP ~ 238
Technical Benefits ~ 238
Business Benefits ~ 240
Applications ~ 241
Server Load Balancing Operations ~ 242
Solutions ~ 242
The Cisco Solutions-Local Director ~ 243
The Cisco ArrowPoint Load Balancers ~ 247
The Nortel Web Switch ~ 248
Summary ~ 263
Review Questions ~ 264

10 VRRP and HSRP ~ 267
Objectives ~ 268
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ~ 269
Operations ~ 271
Protocol ~ 272
Case studies ~ 274
VRRPe ~ 279
HSRP ~ 279
Protocol ~ 280
Case Studies ~ 283
Summary ~ 286
Review Questions ~ 287

11 Global Server Load Balancing ~ 289
Objectives ~ 290
Solutions ~ 291
Simple Failover ~ 291
High Availability ~ 292
Geographic Load Balancing ~ 292
How It Works ~ 293
Dynamic Site Selection ~ 293
Backup Servers ~ 294
DNS Based ~ 294
Routing Protocol Based ~ 296
Packet Loss-An Aside ~ 298
Caveats ~ 300
Globalization Techniques ~ 301
Passive Techniques ~ 302
Footrace Techniques ~ 307
Active Techniques ~ 309
Case Studies ~ 312
Directory Services for J. Magellan and Sons ~ 312
Your News Corp ~ 314
Products ~ 316
Summary ~ 318
Review Questions ~ 319

12 Content Networking and Security ~ 321
Objectives ~ 322
Security ~ 322
Mitigating Denial of Service ~ 323
Filters and Firewalls ~ 326
Filters and Filtering ~ 331
Firewalls and Fire Walling ~ 336
High-Availability Content Security Solutions ~ 340
State Updates and Clustering ~ 347
Firewall Load Balancing ~ 349
Firewall Load Balancing Basics ~ 351
Summary ~ 358
Review Questions ~ 360

13 Application Redirection ~ 361
Objectives ~ 362
Web Caching ~ 363
Web Caching Applications ~ 364
Web Cache Redirection (WCR) ~ 365
WCCP and WCR ~ 371
DNS Redirection ~ 372
Operation and Benefits ~ 373
DNS Server Health Monitoring ~ 379
Overflow and Backup DNS ~ 380
High Availability DNS ~ 381
SSL Offloading ~ 384
Caveats to SSL Redirection / Offload ~ 386
Other Applications ~ 388
Combinations ~ 388
Summary ~ 388
Review Questions ~ 389

14 Bandwidth Management ~ 391
Objectives ~ 392
SLA and the Business Case for Managing Bandwidth ~ 393
Before the Bandwidth Management Era ~ 393
PointCast Floods Networks ~ 393
Push Technology Solutions ~ 394
Practical Applications of Bandwidth Management in E-Commerce ~ 395
ISP Environment ~ 395
ASP Environment ~ 395
Enabling Service Providers to Aggregate Profitably ~ 395
Increasing Security and Preventing DoS Attacks ~ 396
Solutions ~ 396
Dedicated Bandwidth Management Appliances ~ 396
Integration with Routers and LAN Switches ~ 400
Integration with Web Switches ~ 402
Integration with Firewall ~ 404
How Bandwidth Management Works- Case Study of the Nortel Solution ~ 406
Overview ~ 406
Traffic Classification and Control ~ 406
Bandwidth Policies ~ 407
Classification Policies ~ 407
Restricting Bandwidth Usage ~ 409
Bandwidth Statistics and History ~ 409
Packet Coloring ~ 410
Configuring Bandwidth Management ~ 411
Standards ~ 414
IETF Diff-Serv Working Group ~ 414
Summary ~ 417
Pros and Cons ~ 417
Standardization Roadmap ~ 418
Future Applications ~ 418
Review Questions ~ 418

Index ~ 421